Battling in ordinary circumstances in explore doesn't affect your karma, or you'd never be able to keep positive karma and get a decent amount of exp. But one of the main things that can catch people out with unintentional negative karma is that fighting specifically NCLs is the exception to that rule - the basic lone lioness 'claim her' or 'fight her' encounter. Choosing to fight her costs -5 karma each time, and so does slapping the lioness during the claiming screen if you go into a battle that way instead. The karma loss isn't displayed anywhere during the battle, so it can really add up without you realising if you're fighting a lot of NCLs but trying to gain karma.

Obviously there's also killing lions/cubs in your pride, which is also -5 karma each time, though that's a bit more obvious.

Most of the event encounters should state their karma outcome, I can't think of any major exceptions off the top of my head.

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